The Iraqi army is facing fierce resistance and counter-attacks as it attempts to storm Falluja, a bastion of so-called Islamic State (IS).
The army's dawn offensive came a week after it began efforts to retake the city, just 30 miles (50km) west of Baghdad and held by IS since 2014.
An estimated 50,000 civilians are trapped inside, with only a few hundred families escaping so far.
Meanwhile IS militants launched a wave of bombings in and around Baghdad.
The attacks in the Iraqi capital killed at least 20 people.
- How tough will it be to take Falluja?
- Falluja: Embattled city of mosques
- Islamic State: The full story
State forces including members of an elite counter-terrorism unit are moving into Falluja on several fronts, an official statement said on Monday.
The Iraqi air force and international coalition jets are carrying out air strikes in support of ground troops.
IS fighters are reportedly putting up fierce resistance in some areas, especially around the southern side, leading to fierce battles.
The group is thought to have about 1,200 fighters, the majority from the city itself.
The BBC's Jim Muir in Baghdad says government forces have taken over two townships on the southern fringes of Falluja, but on other fronts they are some way from the edge of the city itself.
The impression is that the army is trying to close a ring of steel around the city, he says.
Militia leaders taking part have said there is likely to be a pause before the assault on the city centre begins so as to allow more civilians to escape.
There is alarm over conditions faced by civilians, with reports of people starving to death and of being killed for refusing to fight for IS.
The Iraqi military has urged those remaining to either leave the city or stay indoors, though IS is preventing civilians from fleeing.
Falluja fell to IS in January 2014, a key moment in the jihadist group's rise that saw it declare a caliphate across swathes of Iraq and Syria.
Along with Mosul, it is one of two major cities held by IS in Iraq.
Meanwhile three districts of Baghdad have been targeted in attacks.
- In the worst incident, a car bomb detonated at an army checkpoint in the mainly Shia area of Shaab, killing at least 11 people
- Another suicide attacker targeted Sadr City, a Shia area of Baghdad, killing at least two people
- A suicide bomber struck a market in Tarmiya, a town 50km (30 miles) north of Baghdad, killing at least seven
All three bombings have been claimed by IS in an online statement.
IS frequently targets Shia Muslims, whom the extremist Sunni militant group regards as apostates.
The attacks may also be an attempt to deflect attention from the operation in Falluja.
Falluja - key facts:
- had population of more than 300,000 before it was seized by first al-Qaeda and then by IS in 2014
- has always been a hotbed of Sunni defiance, becoming a symbol of resistance to US forces in violent battles in 2004
- controls main highway from Baghdad to both Jordan and Syria
- is known as the "city of mosques" - more than 200 mosques in city and surrounding area
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